The urbanization, which increases unconceable surfaces, causes an increased rainwater drain volume, an increased lace outflow, an increased risk of flooding, a heavier combined wastewater overflow (CSO), a reduced recess period, disabled groundwater loading and basic flow and negatively influenced the water quality (Li et al., 2019a; Increase in municipal water consumption (Luo et al., 2024).
Climate change is expected to have a significant impact on the urban water cycle by changing weather patterns that can cause longer flood risks, CSOS or droughts (Allan et al., 2020; Mo et al., 2023; Zia et al., 2023). Increased rainfall and more intensive storms can overwhelm urban drainage systems and flood more often and CSOS. Conversely, a reduced rainfall and higher temperature can occur in some regions, which leads to extended droughts and increased evaporation rates that reduce water sources. These changes can stretch the water supply, damage the infrastructure and influence the urban ecosystems. In order to mitigate these effects, cities have to invest in GI practices, promote water protection and develop integrated water management plans to ensure a sustainable and resistant water future under a changing climate.
Rain barrels, often in residential areas, and cisterns, typically in commercial or industrial environments, are popular Gi practices that can support the restoration of urban hydrological and water quality (Boongaling et al., 2024); In addition, rain barrels/cisterns that can capture and store drains from the roof offer an advantageous resource for irrigation of landscapes and various non-drinking purposes that can relieve the use of municipal water consumers who can relieve locally to global freshwater stress (Villarreal and Dixon, 2005; Jacque et al., 2023). The demand for irrigation water has been increasing since the 1960s (Wada et al., 2011). Irrigation plays a crucial role in the urban water cycle (Johnson and Belitz, 2012), with irrigation of the apartment is the highest water consumption in urban areas (Mayer et al., 1999). The rainwater harvest/reuse for landscape irrigation with rain barrels/cistles that support urban hydrological/water quality restoration and offer an advantageous resource for irrigation of landscape offers significant potential in urban areas among current and future climatic zones.
The use of mathematical models to evaluate the performance of Gi practices is of crucial importance for improving the planning of urban rainwater management (Liu et al., 2016a, 2018; Guo et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2023; Hou et al., 2023; Gulshad et al., 2024). A number of simulation models were developed or applied that can evaluate the effects of rain barrels/cisterns (Rossman, 2015; Liu et al., 2015a, 2015b, 2016b, 2016c, 2017b; your et al., 2017). However, they only focused on one or a few aspects (e.g. a sub -group of discharge volume, top discharge and CSO) of the effects of rainwater use/reusing strategies that cannot support the decision -making. For example, Steffen et al. (2013) For 23 cities in the United States in seven climatic regions over (a) water supply made of rainwater, which in a living package using a water compensation approach for a series of rainwater cubes and (b) Rainwater drain reduction of a catchment area of the US environmental protection authority, the water management model of the US environmental protection authority (B) (B) (B) (B) Rainwater drains were provided. The results showed that the performance was influenced by cistern size and climatic pattern. Jia et al. (2025) examined the accuracy of the SWMM to model the effects of rain barrels on the efficiency of the drainage of drainage if water is only consumed in dry periods with three methods, including the SWMM LID method, a method that a rain run as an equivalent underlook in SWMM (SWMM-SC) and a method with self-encoded simulation with water balance) (SWMM-SC) and a method with a self-coded simulation with water compensation (self-coding). The SWMM-SC provided more precise results than the SWMM LID in Atlanta and Billings, which indicates that the SWMM cover module for rain barrels may be improved to display if water is only used in dry periods, or the method of the SWMM-SC can be used. Ghodsi et al. (2023) SWMM used to optimally convey rainwater harvest to reduce CSOS in potential underpinings of Buffalo, New York. Seven design storm events and a one -month historical rainy season series were used. The results showed that the strategies obtained with event -based scenarios were less arithmetically expensive, but did not work well for continuous precipitation scenarios.
In addition, most predecessor models are not able to use the subtleties of rainwater use/reuse for landscape irrigation with rain barrels/cisterns such as the lack of plant growth and irrigation in the SWMM model (Rossman, 2015; Liu et al., 2015a, 2015b, 2016c, 2017b; HOSM; HOSM; Urban and agricultural regions. Use rainwater use/reuse for landscape irrigation with rain barrels/cistern fully record and (2) manage both urban and agricultural aspects in decision -making support systems in order to support comprehensive decision -making.
In order to support the decision -making process: (1) a systematic framework must be created in order to develop a sustainable rainwater harvest and strategies for irrigation of the urban landscape taking into account their multifunctional effects (discharge volume, top discharge, CSO, freshwater requirement and plant growth) in a changing climate; And (2) A hydrological model that has the strengths of the full representation of the processes of urban hydrology and rainwater use/reuse of strategies must be included in the framework in order to demonstrate the use of the frame.
The Objectives of the Study Were to: (1) Create a Novel Framwork for Developing Sustainable Rainwater Harvesting and Reuse Strategies for Urban Landscape Irrigation In A Changing Climate With Various Components, Including Changes in Climate Parameters, Baselines Without Rainwater Harvesting or with existing rainwater harvesting/reuse, potential scenarios with rainwater harvesting/reuse, and identification of sustainable rainwater harvesting/reuse strategies using individual and combined indicators (discharge volume, top discharge, CSO, fresh water requirements and plant growth); And (2) The framework using a hydrological model that has the strengths of the full representation of the processes of urban hydrology and rainwater use/reuse of strategies in order to create sustainable rainwater harvesting/reuse in a representative urban area that is exposed to a changing climate under considerable water challenges. The new framework conditions and the results of the case study, in which it is demonstrated that the framework provides critical insights into sustainable rainwater harvest and reuse of strategies for urban water management as part of a changing climate that offer valuable guidelines for the development of adaptive strategies and well -founded decisions in urban planning.